December
21st will feature the Winter Solstice, continuation of the Geminid
Meteor Shower, the Conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn, and the Ursid
Meteor Shower. Although
you can see the Conjunction during the 4-5 days on either side of
December 21st, December 21, 2020, is the official date when the two
planets of Jupiter and Saturn will be at their closest. This will be
the best time to see this Conjunction of the two planets. If that date
is cloudy, try watching it on a subsequent night.
Return of the star that guided three wise men to
Bethlehem? How you can see the first alignment Jupiter and Saturn in 800 YEARS
- the phenomenon that is believed to feature in Bible.
• Jupiter and Saturn have been gradually
getting closer since the start of summer
• And on December 21, the planets will appear to
virtually overlap in the sky
• Beaming bright light it will cause many to
liken it to the Star of Bethlehem
|
How rare is this event?
The conjunction of these
two planets in the sky, and being easily visible, has not happened for 800
years.
There have been similar
planetary conjunction events since then, but not with Jupiter and Saturn so
close together in this way. The next time these two
planets will be this close together is 2080. It also occurred in 1623,
but they were then so near to the sun that you could not make them out.
It is, of course, an
optical illusion that the planets are together. In fact, they will be
almost 500 million miles apart.
|
Could it really be the return of the Star of Bethlehem?
It is an intriguing theory and astronomers have, over the
years, posed ideas about what the star the Three Wise Men witnessed might have
been.
The Star of Bethlehem only features in one of the gospels,
so there is a limited historical record.
There
was a conjunction of Jupiter and Venus in 2BC, which
could have been seen at the time as a very bright star in the sky.
There has also been a triple conjunction of 3 planets recorded which
falls within the time frame of when the Wise Men might have been
watching the night sky.
Others have suggested the Three Wise Men could have seen a
supernova, which is a star exploding, or a less bright nova.
And there is a record of such an event in 4BC, seen in
China, Korea and the Holy Land.
As
my Astronomy professor said, we do not know for certain which 'theory'
is correct, although the triple conjunction of three planets comes
closest to answering the question as to what was the Star of Bethlehem.
|
Professor Patrick Hartigan from Rice University, Texas, has
suggested the following about the Star of Bethlehem:
The most
obvious candidate for a Star of Bethlehem would be the sudden appearance of a
brilliant star. This does occur from time to time when a star nearing the end
of its life explodes in a supernova. There are also less catastrophic events
known as novae, that occur in close binary systems when a white dwarf star
accretes matter from a close companion. Novae are more common, but are much
fainter intrinsically so need to be quite close to appear brilliant in the sky.
Examples of historical supernovae brilliant enough to be seen during the day
(brighter than Venus) occurred in 185 CE, 1006 CE, and 1054 CE, visible for 8
months or more, left observable remnants with expanding shells you can measure
to find out their ages.
There are no
records of such a bright supernova or nova around 4 BCE. Something was recorded
in Chinese text of an object that lasted for 2 months around that time. This
could have been a comet or a nova. If it was a nova it would have had to have
been very close by (inside around 100 pc or so) to be as bright as Venus or
even Jupiter, and there are no plausible candidates I am aware of for that. If
it were as bright as Venus it should have been visible for longer than 2
months. The object was in the summer sky near the constellation Aquila, and
some have speculated that the Taylor-Hulse binary pulsar is the leftover from a
supernova there. However, the T-H pulsar is quite far away and there is a lot
of dust along the line of sight. Optimistically it would not have been as
bright as Jupiter, and may have been too faint to see at all. There is no
accurate age for the T-H pulsar so there is no reason to believe it occurred at
this time. Novae do occur now and then; we had a nice one in 1975 about 2nd
magnitude, visible for about 2 weeks. And of course, comets come and go, some
brighter than others. I think we can safely say there was no really bright
supernova during this time, though there could well have been a 1975-like nova,
or a decent comet. It is hard to believe that a nova or supernova as bright as
Venus could have slipped by without many more records.
Bottom line:
Jupiter and Saturn would not have made a very impressive Star of Bethlehem in 7
BCE, at least to our modern eyes. They were a wide pair about a degree apart.
They did do a triple conjunction, something uncommon but not extremely so, but
the conjunctions were not nearly as impressive (close) as the previous triplet
was in 145 BCE. The 7 BCE triplets would not have indicated a specific
direction, but would have been anywhere from southeast to southwest depending
on which triplet you observed and at what time of the night. You might argue
that Jupiter/Venus would have made for a better `Star', as something quite
special, though not unprecedented, happened in the summer of 2 BCE, and that
conjunction was in a clear westerly direction. The dates don't quite match up
with the birth of Jesus for either one though. The Jupiter/Saturn 7 BCE
conjunction is better, but may be a bit early, and the Venus/Jupiter one in 2
BCE seems late, as King Herod was supposed to have died in 4 BCE. It's
important to keep in mind that conjunctions in general don't suddenly appear
like a brilliant 'star'. They look like two planets close together. If the
planets are unresolved, it'll look like the brightest of the two usually,
because there is almost always a large difference in brightness between the
brighter one and the fainter one. But ancient astrologers may have been looking
for something other than a pretty sight in the sky, for example, which
constellation the conjunction might appear in. So it is hard to know what
effect a wide conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn, or a close one with Venus and
Jupiter, or something else entirely, might have had on their interpretations of
events.
|
The Geminid
meteor shower has already passed it's zenith, but can still be faintly seen;
the conjunction will also be visible for about two weeks after December 21st.
The Ursid Meteor Shower will run from December 17-26; with the peak on
21-22. Some videos that describe and theorize about the Conjunction
celestial event; also how to view the event. They are courtesy of Exeter
University:
|
If you’d like to know even more about the history of
Great Conjunctions, Professor Patrick Hartigan from Rice University, Texas, has
a webpage that explains much more (just click on this link):
https://sparky.rice.edu/~hartigan/public-night/jupsat2.html.
You can watch the
Conjunction by going to this website: jupitersaturn2020.org
|
Christmas Eve is a special time for everyone. An Australian gives her perspective:
|
|
|